What is a timber frame, and why is it important?

Timber framing has been a traditional method of building construction in East Anglia for a thousand years. It is mostly used between the 11th and 19th Centuries, with a particular peak in terms of quality and quantity during the 15th and 16th Centuries. Many historic buildings evolve over time, and timber framing can hold the key to dating the building.

Historic timbers may also be adorned with graffiti, carpenters’ marks or burn marks, shedding light on previous beliefs and customs of the area. Between the framing may be more historic material, such as wattle-and-daub panels, or brick nogging, which are also significant historic features.

This can present challenges when damage occurs within a timber-frame, particularly if the wood is damp. Wood boring insects and fungal attacks can affect the structural stability of the building as a whole but need a moist environment to take hold. Frequently, problems occur due to a lack of regular maintenance, or unsuitable alterations in the past such as the application of a cementitious render.

For more information, please read SPAB's advice on wood-boring insects.

If you think that there is damage to your timber frame, it is important to seek professional advice sooner rather than later. The longer that the damage is left unattended, the more historic fabric may be impacted, and thus the higher the costs for repairs.

How do cement renders cause issues?

It is not uncommon for historic buildings to have had a cementitious render applied at some stage in the 20th Century, before the impact of breathability was understood. Most traditional buildings are constructed of permeable materials, meaning that moisture can be absorbed and released freely, unlike modern construction methods. This is referred to as breathability. Any impermeable barrier applied to the building will disrupt this.

Cement based renders are harder than lime render alternatives and cannot move like the timber frame will seasonally, leading to cracking, which allows moisture into the underlying fabric. As this render is an impermeable barrier, this can lead to moisture being retained within the historic fabric, and resulting in damage which can become structural if left unaddressed. Cement renders, however, do provide some structural support in lieu of failed timber-framing, so its removal should be done in a considered and careful manner.

We are supportive of the removal of cement renders in favour of traditional, breathable alternatives. You will always need Listed Building Consent to remove cement render.

Please note: If you are unsure as to whether your render is cementitious or lime based, apply white vinegar to a small patch of the render. Lime renders will fizz, whilst cement render is unlikely to react.

Do I need Listed Building Consent or planning permission to conduct works to timber frames?

Generally, you will need to apply for Listed Building Consent for works to a timber frame. If the works would result in a change to the external appearance of the building, planning permission may also be required.

Structural repair work to timber framing - depending on the complexity and extent of repair - might also need building regulation control.

Ongoing repair and maintenance

It is generally only permitted for minor areas of repairs to be made without a formal application for consent, if they are like-for-like both in details and materials, and small in scale. If you are unsure of whether a repair required could fall under this category, you should contact us. 

Which methods of repair are available?

Most historic timber framed buildings are made using oak specifically grown for this purpose, but some examples of elm or pitch pine can be found. The approach to the repair should firstly seek to understand the cause of the failure, the loads that the frame needs to carry, and the significance of the fabric impacted. Repair work should harmonise visually with the existing, but should remain legible as a repair, sometimes referred to as the ‘honest’ approach.

Repairs using timber

Traditional carpentry repairs are usually advocated as the authentic method for repairing timber framed buildings. Decayed wood is removed until sound material found, and sections of matching new oak is scarfed together in an overlapping joint and secured using a wooden peg. This approach can involve the loss of large sections of sound timber, and cause disruption to the surrounding infill panels.

Repairs using metal

Metal straps have been used to great effect for hundreds of years. These can be used to reconnect timbers where the joint has failed, to strengthen weak floor beams and joists with steel plates, or flitching into the beam. This can mean that more historic material is retailed. Surface mounted strap repairs are probably the most reversible method of reinstating structural integrity to a building.

Resin

Resin has been in use since the 1980s and is a relatively modern method in comparison to carpentry repairs to metal strap reinforcement. It can be used in several ways: as a glue to assist in traditional carpentry repairs, or in a diluted form it can be used to consolidate timber weakened by decay. It is particularly useful where preservation of surviving fabric such as ornately carved historic beams are of utmost importance. It may be necessary to reinforce resin repairs with metal or grp rods to cope with the tensile loads.

Things to avoid

Harsh cleaning methods such as high pressure blasted aggregates work by blasting off the top surface of the timber. This can result in the loss of marks what are invaluable in aiding our understanding of how people lived and used the building and cannot be replicated once lost. Smoke blackened timbers, carpenters’ marks, inscriptions and protective marks, and burn marks are all likely to be lost in harsh cleaning techniques.

If timbers need to be cleaned at all, it should be done with a chemical cleaner.  It is advisable to do a patch test before committing to a particular product.

Historic infill materials that can be found between the timber frame are also considered significant and should remain in-situ when found. Any approach to repairs to the surrounding fabric should consider all the above options for suitability depending on the infill material that survives. Modern insulation alternatives will only be considered where infill panels do not survive.

Reclaimed or second-hand timber, sourced from elsewhere can confuse the legibility of the historic development of a building, and should be avoided. An honest but sympathetic repair is always preferred, and usually requires new, suitable matching wood to be sourced.

Have another question? Contact us

If you need further advice, please contact our Heritage team.

Email heritage@baberghmidsuffolk.gov.uk

Phone 0300 123 4000 (Option 5, then Option 3)

Write to us:

Heritage Team

Babergh and Mid Suffolk District Councils

8 Russell Road

Ipswich

IP1 2BX

Pre-application advice

We also offer a pre-application advice service, which can include a site visit, meeting, and written response.

Get pre-application advice